3d.sk
3d.sk - https://cinurl.com/2tkbIB
Obesity continues to increase in epidemic proportions in the U.S. with 69% of the population being either overweight or obese with a significant proportion being severely obese. At the other end of the weight distribution, extreme thinness as exemplified by Anorexia Nervosa is also of concern. Thus, it needs to be stressed that both calorie malnutrition and its counterpart, calorie over indulgence leading to extreme obesity, carry significant morbidity and mortality risks. In general, numerical assessments of the human body have been general based on a set of disconnected measurements, or a set of indirect measures such as height, weight, BMI etc. Quantitative assessments of the outline (shape) of the human body as an entire unit have rarely been attempted because of the paucity of available methods. A procedure to measure the whole body outline using elliptical Fourier functions (EFFs) is implemented here. The study looks at both age and sex in a sample of whole body images to detect differences in shape. A sample of European descent downloaded from the internet (www.3d.sk) was utilized. The sample (n=206) was divided into four groups: 1) young females (n=113, mean age = 20 1.60); 2) old females (n=22, mean age = 47.73 8.47); 3) young males (n =41, mean age = 21.24 1.67); and 4) old males (n = 30, mean age 48.20 12.67). Both frontal and lateral views were utilized here. Frontal views were fitted with 108 points and the lateral views fitted with 84 points. All 412 frontal and lateral views were digitized and the fitted with EFFs. Using the EFF (area standardized to minimize the effects of size differences) two sets of four distances were computed. One set in terms of width (frontals) and the other set in terms of depth (laterals). These four measures were: 1) chest, 2) waist, 3) hip, and 4) thigh, and were chosen to reflect width and depth aspects of the torso, regions presumed to exhibit changes, especially with age. These distances were then subjected to a two-way MANOVA. To visualize the differences in shape due to sex and age, Procrustes superimposition was applied. Finally, stepwise discriminant functions and canonical axes were utilized with the four distances to display the groups (sex and age) in morphospace. The results indicate that statistically significant differences are present for both age and sex. 59ce067264
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